Recent Editions

August IMFormation 2005

ENVIROWISE – WEEE & RoHS - Profit through Compliance

WEEE & RoHS is happening in less than a year. Envirowise are running a series of FREE seminars to help Businesses decide how best to comply and how they can improve their company’s competitiveness. These seminars aim to give you a detailed breakdown of the Directives and an opportunity to question Government and the Environment Agency about the Directives, as well as practical advice and how to save money to your business through compliance. Whilst some of these events have already taken place the dates for the remaining ones are:

2005
7 September Moat House Hotel, York
28 September Life Conference & Banqueting Centre, Newcastle
18 October The Lowry, Manchester
22 November The Copthorne Hotel, Birmingham
2006
12 January Hilton St Annes Manor, Reading
16 February Thistle Hotel, Exeter
15 March Hilton Metropole, Brighton

The programme for the day is:

WEEE & RoHS – The Directives
WEEE & RoHS – The Legal Standpoint
WEEE & RoHS – Enforcing the Policy
Coffee
Designtrack - Compliance and competitiveness
WEEE & RoHS – The Industry View
WEEE & RoHS – The Retailers View
Lead Free Assemby
Lunch
Sustainable Design – Concepts to Comply
WEEE & RoHS – The Recyclers View
WEEE is that it? – Further Environmental Legislation

Note – the titles of the above presentation may be slightly different at the various locations

To reserve a place contact please contact Olivia Gurney at Envirowise: tel: 01635 280340, E-mail: olivia.gurney@envirowise.gov.uk

* * * * *

ENVIROWISE – Partnership for compliance with WEEE & RoHS

Envirowise will partner a host company with a supply chain of at least 10 – 15 companies. The partnership aims to implement improved environmental performance, cost savings, and improved legislative compliance (i.e. WEEE and RoHS) throughout the whole supply chain. The partnership will aim to deliver a series of benefits to both the host company and the suppliers involved. This will be achieved through a series of services including mailed out publications, events and seminars, workshops, and most importantly on-site visits.
A similar partnership in the retail sector in 2004 identified £4 million worth of cost savings of which over £2 million have already been realised.
No funding is needed from the host company – just action. Want to know more then contact:

Philip Price tel: 0870 190 6355, Fax: 0870 190 5151, E-mail Philip.price@aeat.co.uk

Health, Safety and Environment

HSE publishes revised guidance on the correct selection and safe use of RPE

HSE has published extensively revised and updated guidance covering the correct and safe use of respiratory protective equipment (RPE) The original version of the guidance was published in 1998. However, findings from HSE research suggests that industry’s perception, knowledge and understanding of occupational exposure limits was limited and that they played little part in workplace exposure, and the same research found that the use of personal protective equipment featured highly as a control measure.
HSE’s new approach to selecting RPE extends the ‘risk-banding’ approach which has already been introduced in the UK for helping to control exposure to chemical agents at source, which uses Hazard Risk Phrases (R-phrases), combined with potential for exposure based on the amount of substance used, and its volatility. The R-phrase is already well established in Europe for classification and labelling of hazardous substances.
The law governing the use of RPE and the regulations make specific requirements for its correct use at work. It must:

Be adequate and provide the wearer wit
effective protection;
Be suitable for the intended use;
Be ‘CE’ marked;
Be selected, used and maintained by properly
trained people;
Be correctly maintained, examined and tested’
and
Be correctly stored.

The publication Respiratory Protective Equipment at Work: a Practical Guide, HSG53, ISBN 0-7176-2904-X provides employers, manufactures and safety reps who use or supply RPE with advice. Available from HSE Books tel: 01787 881165

Noise and vibration regulations hit the road

HSE together with EEF (Engineering Employers Federation) will jointly be running a series of noise and vibration roadshows in the Autumn. At work, over 1.1 million people are at risk from high levels of noise and about 1.7 million from Hand Arm Vibration (HAV). The new EU-based regulations for control of risks in the work place from vibration came into the UK in July

2005 and noise regulations will be updated in early
2006 The planned roadshows are to advise employers of the changes taking place.

Dates and venues for these shows are:

September 27 Glasgow
September 28 Sheffield
September 29 Hook
October 4 Hadleigh
October 5 Belfast
October 7 Washington
October 14 Birmingham
October 18 Warrington
October 19 Leeds
October 20 Barleythorpe
November 1 Bridgend
November 3 London

For further information contact your local HSE or EEF office.

COMAH Regulation in force

Amendments to COMAH (Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1999) came into force at the end of June, announced by the Health and Safety Commission (HSC). The 2005 amendments broaden the scope of COMAH to take into account recent industrial accidents and the results of research on carcinogens and substances dangerous for the environment. They implement Directive 2003/105/EC that amends Directive 96/82/EC (known as the Seveso II Directive). The key revision regard changes to the lists of named dangerous substances or generic categories of substances. These changes involve:

A redefinition to cover lower percentage of ammonium nitrate composition;
A new named category for potassium nitrate fertilisers;
Specification of seven new carcinogens, and raised threshold limits for all carcinogens;
New category for petroleum products to include gas oils such as diesel, naphtha and kerosene;
Redefinition of the classes for explosives;
Lower qualifying thresholds for substances dangerous for the environment; and
A change to the aggregation rule that is applied to all substances classified as toxic, dangerous for the environment, flammable or oxidising.

Lessons have been learnt from a number of accidents that have occurred since Seveso II was adopted viz.

A spill of cyanide entered the river Tisza in Romania killing thousands of tonnes of fish;
A series of explosions at a firework factory in the Netherlands that killed 20 people and injured almost 1000 and caused extensive damage to the locality around the factory;
An explosion involving granular ammonium nitrate in France which killed 30 people.

HAZRED project awarded EU funding

The project is launched as changes in legislation governing hazardous waste and the use of landfill sites came into force (16 July), which will impact on many businesses, particularly SMEs.
The Environment Agency is leading a European- funded project to develop a sector-led approach to help small businesses reduce the hazardous waste they produce and save money. The three-year project aims to demonstrate the benefits of setting hazardous waste reduction targets and developing waste reduction plans in partnership with those industry sectors most in need.
HAZRED will work with small businesses as they make up the majority of businesses and are less likely to have staff and resources dedicated to environmental issues. The project will seek to identify best practice mechanisms that can be transferred to other sectors and inform the approach to other EU member states.

The six industry sectors are:

General construction/building
Treatment and/or coating of metals
Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles
Photographic processing
Manufacture of speciality organic chemicals
Manufacture of machinery and equipment

For more information about HAZRED and how you take part, visit: www.hazred.org.uk

PPC (Scotland)

The Scottish Executive consultation on proposed amendments to the Pollution Prevention and Control (Scotland) Regulations 2000 (PPC) and the separate consultation about activities involving hydrogen halides and ammonia are now finalised and came into force on 2 July 2005.
A copy of the new regulations is on the HMSO’s website at www.scotland-legislation.hmso.gov.uk Questions on any particular changes can be discussed with your local SEPA offices - see SEPA website for telephone numbers at www.sepa.org.uk

Hazardous Waste – Welsh Assembly

Interim Guidance on Premises Notification
The Welsh Assembly Government published the consultation document Review of the Special Waste Regulations in Wales – Proposals for replacement Hazardous Waste Regulations and List of Waste Regulations in August 2004. The regulation came into force in July and one of the requirements of the regulations is the notification to the Environment Agency of premises that produce hazardous waste.
The effect of the regulations makes it an offence to remove hazardous waste from premises that are not either notified or exempt from the notification requirement. Interim guidance, issued in draft, explaining the notification, and subject to amendment, is available from the Waste Policy Team by telephone on: 02920 821589, E-mail: waste@wales.gsi.gov.uk or on the Assembly’s web-site at: www.countryside.wales.gov.uk

HSE undertakes review of RIDDOR

HSE has published an on-line discussion document as part of its review of the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases, and Dangerous Occurrence Regulations 1995 (IDDOR).
A key element is to ensure that any future reporting requirements are easy to understand and that businesses can achieve compliance without undue administration costs. It is also essential that any reporting system is unbureaucratic and does not burden business unnecessarily. Bill Callaghan, Chair of HSE said "RIDDOR is one of the most important sources of information for the enforcing authorities and guides some, but not all, regulatory activity.
However, the case has yet to be made as to whether RIDDOR is really the best means of gathering information on occupational health and for the purposes of health and safety statistics, or whether we could rely on other mechanisms to collect the information"
The full text of the document can be viewed or downloaded from HSE’s website at: www.hse.gov.uk/consult/disdocs/riddordd.htm.

Managing Asbestos

Asbestos is the single biggest cause of work-related deaths in the UK. Asbestos-related diseases such as mesothelioma, asbestosis and lung cancer are thought to be responsible for up to 3,500 deaths each year due to past exposure. Asbestos was widely used in building up to 1985 that is why it is so vital that the correct safety precautions are taken when working in areas where asbestos-containing materials (ACMs) may be encountered. While ACMs remain undisturbed they pose no risk to health, however they can be fatal if not properly managed.
HSE’s asbestos campaign aims to provide an awareness of the duty to manage and encourage people to comply with their responsibilities. A leaflet available from HSE gives details of a wide range of information books that aim to reduce the risks from asbestos in a wide variety of industries. Managing and working with asbestos can be obtained from your local HSE office or on the web at: www.hse.gov.uk

REACH regulations

An article in ‘Environment Business’ states that the proposed EU laws for monitoring and controlling hazardous chemicals will not affect competitiveness – contrary to claims by industry according to a report. A study funded by the chemical industry shows that the EU’s REACH proposals will not incur huge business costs or cause European countries to lose out to competitors on the international market, the European Environment Bureau claimed. Carried out by KPMG, and paid for by employers association UNICE and chemical industry association CEFIC, the study found:

There would be no withdrawal of important chemicals due to registration costs;
Registration costs would largely be passed on or absorbed by the supply chain; and
Product reformulation would not be likely.

Moreover, the industry itself stated in the study that there would be business benefits from the better information available on, and risk management of chemicals that would be made possible by the implementation of REACH.

Company News and Products

National Physical Laboratory (NPL)
NPL has launched a national measurement club to promote awareness and take up of micro and nano measurement technology in the UK. The aim is for the Micro and Nano Technology (MNT) Measurement Club to become the main forum for the communication of micro and nano measurement issues and the dissemination of measurement best practice and expertise. It will also act as a leading facilitator of collaborative micro and nano metrology related R & D products. The club will use the DTI’s MNT Forum and members driven meetings, workshops and other focused events to achieve this.
The club will aim to help service providers, manufacturers of MNT tools and equipment and end users in industry and academia by supporting the development and exploitation of products and systems at the micro/nanoscale and by the application of measurement to solve critical MNT problems. For information on the MNT Club contact Robert Angus tel: 020 8943 7110 or e–mail: robert.angus@npl.co.uk For information on the DTI’s MNT Forum visit: www.mntforum.com

New Glossmeter from John Godrich
Zehntner have launched their new glossmeter, which is claimed to be the smallest in the world measuring 99 x 15 x 56 mm. It can be operated through a PC or laptop and with options usually reserved for much larger units. Attached and powered by the PC or laptop, because of its size it can measure gloss in difficult to get places and can measure matt to high gloss via different measuring angles to give users flexibility in use and positioning (including curved surfaces)
Further information can be obtained from : John Godrich, tel: 01584 873153, fax: 01584 872424 E-mail: johngodrich@johngodrich.co.uk

Reactec
According to Reactec, a UK vibration consultancy, most of British industry has failed to take adequate steps to prepare for upcoming HSE regulations relating to the use of vibrating machinery or equipment. The HSE introduced two new regulations in July which focused on the health risks associated with Hand Arm Vibration (HAV) and Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) and Shock. Employers will be responsible for ensuring exposure to vibrations is kept within safe limits, which will involve a risk assessment of their equipment and working practices to make sure employees are not in danger. Mark-Paul Buckingham, Reactec’s MD said "Various levels and weightings will be given to different vibrations, which will make it difficult for companies to comply with the regulations, without experience of vibration measurement and analysis. The regulations also require the employer to be up to date with technical progress in the field and alternative measures to control exposure and minimise risk". For further information on vibration reduction technology and solution contact Reactec on: 0131 472 4806, or visit: www.reactec.com

Schloetter Company Ltd
New products from Schloetter include:

Slotoclean DS 10 – a nitric acid free desmut for use in the aluminium pre-treatment processes for the plating of both wrought and cast aluminium alloys.

Slotostrip ZN 10 – a nitric acid free zincate stripper for use in the pre-treatment processes for the plating of both wrought and cast aluminium alloys.

Going that extra mile for Midland’s customers
Schloetter have formed ‘Customer Care Teams’ to build on their reputation for technical support. The first of these teams has been formed in the Midlands and comprises Brian Hitchen (Area Sales Manager), Robin Tea (Technical Sales) and Claire Stanley and Victoria Griffiths (Sales Co-ordinators). Further information on the new products and the new initiative - contact Paul Griffiths tel: 01386 552331 or E-mail: sales@schloetter.co.uk

Chemetall PLC
Chemetall has gained full Qualicoat Approval for its new chromium-free pretreatment process ‘Gardobond X4707’, following completion of tests at the Institute of Surface Treatment (IFO) in Germany. Chemetall is committed to introducing processes that reduce the environmental impact and the provision of systems, which minimise hazards to operators.

Chemetall have launched a new website which gives customers and contacts a source to learn about the company, its services and products both UK and world-wide – www.chemetall.co.uk

Further information on both the above items contact: Christina Zabinski tel: 01908 361885, fax 01908 373939 or E-mail: ukino@chemetall.com

Sandvik Materials Technology
Sandvik have launched a range of surface engineered stainless steel strip materials. Manufacturing processes have been developed to apply coatings with excellent adhesion and purity to stainless steel strip, enabling selected combinations of substrates and surface layers to provide new, enhanced and often unique material properties.
Properties such as electrical conductivity, low resistivity, corrosion, surface function or decorative appearance can be met or enhanced, making the surface technology products ideal for the electronics industry.
The surface layer can consist of any metallic element e.g. aluminium, nickel, copper or silver and mixtures of elements or binary compounds, such as aluminium oxide (Al2O3) or titanium oxide (TiO2) Coatings can be single or double sided and different on each side of the strip, and because of the excellent adhesion between substrate and coating, strip products can be cold formable and bendable to tight radii.
Further information from SMT, Sweden, telephone: +46 26 26 30 30, fax: +46 26 25 17 10 or by E-mail: surftech.smt@sandviz.com or www.smt.sandvik.com

Ashtead Technology Rentals
Ashtead are providers of Inspection and Monitoring hire equipment. Renting is the most cost-effective way to acquire a piece of equipment with key benefits of no maintenance or calibration costs, access to widest range and most up-to-date industry technology, limits your costs to the duration of any given project. Equipment available for environmental monitoring, non-destructive testing, remote visual inspection and offshore survey and ROV.
Further information telephone: 0845 270 2707

BSI
Recently released – BS 8888:2004 on CD-ROM the collection of technical product specifications. With this easy-to-use package of technical specification documents you have all the information needed for any technical design project at you fingertips. As a single point of reference and integrated system, you can view full-text PDF versions of BS 8888 and the complete set of 151 standards. Easy to navigate form the lead standard – BS 8888 – to all cross-referenced publications via hyperlinks.To order a copy phone BSI Customer Services on +44 (0)20 8996 9001 or e-mail orders@bsi-global.com

News in Brief

Two waste-management companies were prosecuted and fined a total of £140,000 following the death of an employee who was crushed under a telescopic reach truck. The employee had not been trained to operate the truck. The investigation found the companies failed to take adequate measures to prevent or control risks, failed to carry out a risk assessment and to provide adequate supervision and suitable training.
A company, at Rugby Magistrates Court, pleaded guilty to four charges of illegally depositing, keeping and treating controlled waste on land when it did not ave a waste management licence resulted in a fine of £40,000.

For polluting a Worcestershire brook, a company pleaded guilty to a charge of causing trade effluent, in this instance water contaminated with waste, and was fined £5,000 and had to pay nearly £1,500 costs. The charge was brought by the Environment Agency under Section 85 of the Water Resources Act 1991.

At Welshpool Magistrates Court a company was fined £42,000 with nearly £18,500 costs for deposition of silt into a stream only 1/2 metre in width. A sample of the discharge showed the solids content to be 38 times over the legal limit.

IMF News

Metal Finishing Golf Society
The 2005 Golf Tournament held at Handsworth Golf Club, Birmingham on 19 May was fortunate to again have fine warm weather and although numbers in attendance was much reduced, an enjoyable afternoon of golf was had by all competitors. Mr Bill Jordan, Chairman of the society, presented prizes to winners and runners-up as follows:

John Preston Trophy - Seamus Bourke
Alan Jordan Trophy - Kevin Thurlow
Alma’s Trophy - Rob Poundtney
IMF Shield - David Rafferty
Tony Oakes Salver - Rob Griffiths

Thanks are recorded to the following for the donation of prizes : Asbury Brodie & Co Ltd, MacDermid plc, Process Automation (UK) Ltd, Process Manufacturing Ltd, Siebec Ltd, Mr J.Sargent.

Distance Learning Module MF1 – alternative to tapes & CDs study
Following a survey of the Education Committee and some of the membership there was unanimous dislike of listening to tapes and CDs and that reading scripts with access to graphics, pictures etc was preferred. In particular it is much easier to re-read sections of script rather that find the section on tapes and CDs.
A ‘Script Version’ has now been produced from the original information but incorporating revisions made over the intervening years. It has been produced single-sided in a ring binder to make it is easier to read alongside the ‘notes’ binder. Students now have the option to choose the method of study they prefer.
If proven a successful venture, consideration may be given to change other modules to script versions.

Organic Finishing Units for Foundation
Course and Module
A series of alternative units are now available for students, covering the area organic finishing, who wish to study for the Foundation Certificate by either the tutored course or distance learning module. A student or company can select the appropriate alternative units to replace units in the standard course or module syllabus. Units are available covering:

Cleaning for Paint Application
: Chemical Conversion Processes
: Conventional Paint Processes
: Electrophoretic & Autodeposition Paints
: Paint Application Methods
: Coating Powders and their Application
: Testing of Materials and Coatings

Interested students/companies should contact the IMF at Exeter House tel: 0121 622 7387 Further units covering other technologies of surface finishing are proposed.

Recent Examination Results

DISTANCE LEARNING – 8 June 2005

Foundation Certificate
Bare J* Fuji Seal Europe Ltd
Crisp S# DMS Chromium Plating Ltd

MF1 – General Principles
Bell N Langford Lodge
Dalton S* MacDermid plc
Handy S MacDermid plc

MF2 – Plating Practice Adams S MP Eastern Ltd
Allardyce D# Rohm Haas Electronic Materials

MF2 – Powder Coating
Abeyrathne R# Loadstar (Pvt) Ltd (Sri Lanka)

MF3a – Electrochemistry
Robinson C Rohm Haas Electronic Materials

The following students have qualified for the award of the Technician Certificate via the Distance Learning route:

Abeyranthne R* Loadstar (Pvt) Ltd (Sri Lanka)
Adams S MP Eastern Ltd
Allardyce D* Rohm Haas Electronic Materials

TUTORED COURSE – 8 June 2005

Technician Certificate
Schloetter Company Ltd
Folkes J
Groom J#
Harber J*
Harbottle J*
Prochazkova M*
Williams A

Poeton Industries Limited
Allen S*
Dalby D#

South West Metal Finishers
Trott T

Tyco Electronics Ltd
Benstead I
Husband S
Lee A

Seagate Technology Ltd
Curran C
Davies J*
Galligan E*
Logue S
McCausland D*
Steele D*
Tierney C

* pass with merit, # pass with distinction

BRANCH EVENTS

MIDLAND BRANCH
Tuesday 18 October 2005

One-day symposium on Processes and Products to enable surface finishing to be compliant with the ever increasing legislation whilst remaining cost effective.

This day is being devoted to Suppliers of products and equipment who will give presentation of what is new in the Surface Finishing world. The event will be backed by a tabletop exhibition.

There will be no charge for attendance at this event which will commence with registration and coffee at 10.00 and will include lunch and afternoon tea concluding at about 4.30 pm.

Presentations provisionally accepted include: Legislation & Environment issues around Cr6+, Replacement of Cr6+ based processes for passivation of aluminium, zinc and zinc alloys, New non-phoshate containing surface treatment prior to paint, Cr3+ electrodeposition, non-chromium containing organic and inorganic surface coatings & paints, Non-cyanide processes including copper and zinc plating solutions, agitation & filtration, overview of new environmental technologies.

The application form containing further details including synopsis of the presentations will be available in August, so intending delegates should send their details, for receipt of form to: Ron Read, Fax: 0121 308 0777 or E-mail to: ronread@ic24.net

SOUTHERN BRANCH
Seminar, Friday 16 September 2005

The Southern Branch along with the AWE Aldermaston is holding a technology day as part of a general technology week to celebrate the centenary of the publishing of Einstein’s five ground breaking papers including his Theory of Relativity and E=mc2.

The Branch is organising a seminar of key New technology papers as part of the technology week on Friday 16, which is MATERIALS DAY. The day includes a welcome and introduction from AWE, an exhibition and a seminar of three papers sponsored by the Branch:

Bio-cleaning
Advances in precious metal deposition
Recyclable electroless nickel solutions to meet new environment legislation

After lunch, delegates will be able to tour the museum and the new metal finishing facility. There are only 50 places available for this unique day, which will be treated on a first-come, first-served basis, at a cost of £25.00 (exclusive of VAT) per person. All applicants are subject to security clearance.

For information pack and application form apply to: Nick Sawyer at ITT Cannon, Basingstoke RG22 4BA E-mail: nick.sawyer@uk.itt.com or Veronica Watkins at ITT Canon E-mail: veronica.watkins@uk.itt.com

New members and transfers

Student Edime U A Birmingham
Affiliate Leasor G West Kirby
Member Austin P Seltham Cordero-Rando M Birmingham

New Sustaining Member

British Metal Treatments
Block 9, Boglestone Industrial Estate
Port Glasgow PA14 5XR
Tel: 01475 741023, Fax 01474 741241

A division of AJT Engineering Ltd, British Metal Treatments specialises in the field of electrolytic nickel and hard (engineering) chromium plating but can supply other surface treatments on request

AGM, Christmas Lectures & Luncheon
Celebrate the eighty years (1925 – 2005) of the Institute at the Annual General Meeting and Christmas Lectures & Luncheon.

Wednesday 7 December 2005
Birmingham Medical Institute

Please put this important event date in your diary now. Why not bring customers and colleagues!

British Standards

BRITISH STANDARDS PROPOSED FOR CONFIRMATION
BS 245:1976 Specification for mineral solvents (white spirit and related hydrocarbons solvents) for paints and other purposes.

BS 248:1963 Specifications for lead chromes and zinc chromes for paints

BS 7957:2000 Vitreous enamel systems. Determination of self cleaning properties

REVIEWED AND CONFIRMED
BS 49OO:1976 Specification for vitreous enamel colours for building purposes.

BRITISH STANDARDS PROPOSED FOR DECLARATION OF OBSOLESCENCE
BS 2656:1972 Specification for zinc anodes, zinc oxide and zinc salts for electroplating STI/33

This standard has been proposed for confirmation for a further period as it is still in use within industry but will not be updated.

BRITISH STANDARDS UNDER REVIEW
BS 7371:- Coatings on metal fasteners

BS7371-1 Specification for general requirements and selection guidelines FME/9/1/-/1
BS 7371-3 Specification for electroplated zinc and cadmium coatings FME/9/1/-/1

BS EN PUBLICATIONS
BS EN 14578:2005 Cathodic protection of complex structures.
(no current standard superseded)

BS EN 14575:2005 Metallic coatings on non-metallic basis materials. Measurement of coating thickness.
Microresistivity method
(no current standard superseded)

ISO PUBLICATIONS
ISO 2063:2005 Thermal Spraying. Metallic and other inorganic coatings. Zinc, aluminium and their alloys.
Will be implemented as an identical British Standard

ISO 4628:- Paints and varnishes. Evaluation of degradation of coatings. Designation of quantity and size of defects and of intensity of uniform change in appearance.
ISO 4628-8:2005 Assessment of degree of delamination and corrosion around a scribe.
Will be implemented as an identical British Standard

ISO 11997:-Paints and varnishes. Determination of resistance to cyclic corrosion conditions.

Out and About

Recycling + Waste Management Exhibition
13 – 15 September, NEC Birmingham
Details: www.rwmexhibition.com

UK CORROSION 2005 – Symposium
13 – 15 September, Manchester Conference Centre
Details: www.icorr.org

IMF Southern Branch – 16 September 2005 Technology Day at AWE Aldermaston. See this issue page 7

IMF Midland Branch – 18 October 2005
One day symopsium on new processes & products.
See this issue page 7

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